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坎儿井导游词
各位游客朋友大家好！
接下来我们将要参观的景点是号称古代中国“三大工程”之一的坎儿井。 坎儿井位于吐鲁番市亚尔乡亚尔村，地理位置十分便利，离312国道不到一公里，离吐鲁番市中心仅5公里。
坎儿井在中国各省叫法不一，新疆汉语称为“坎儿井”或简称“坎”，陕西叫作“井渠”，山西叫作“水巷”，甘肃叫作“百眼串井”，也有的地方称为“地下渠道。”
坎儿井2004年被评为国家AAA级旅游景区，2015年被评为全国十里风景区。
坎儿井，早在《史记》中便有记载，当时称之为“井渠”，是我国各族劳动人民在长期生活中，为适应干旱地区的生活而造的一种地下水利工程。新疆的坎儿井主要分布在吐鲁番盆地、哈密和禾垒地区，以吐鲁番地区最多，总共有千余条，如果连接起来，其长度可长达5000公里，有人称之为"地下运河"。因此它与万里长城、京杭大运河并称为古代中国“三大工程”。
坎儿井是开发利用地下水的一种古老式的水平集水建筑物，适用于山麓、冲积扇缘地带，主要是用于截取地下潜水来进行农田灌溉和居民用水。新疆坎儿井按其成井的水文地质条件来分，可分为三种类型：一种是山前潜水补给型，这类坎儿井直接截取山前侧渗的地下水，集水段较短。第二种是山前河流河谷潜水补给型，这类坎儿井集水段较长，出水量较大。第三种是平原潜水补给型，这类坎儿井主要分布在灌区域内，地层多为土质、水文地质较差，出水量较小。
如今，吐鲁番市郊五道林坎儿井、五星乡坎儿井，均可供参观游览。名气最大的坎儿井是米衣木·阿吉坎儿井，它全长5公里，最深处为80米，日水量可浇地70亩，已有200年的历史，它是维吾尔人米衣木·阿吉开掘而成的，故以此而命名。
坎儿井形成的条件主要有两个，一自然条件的可能性。
吐鲁番盆地北部的博格达山和西部的喀拉乌成山，春夏时节有大量融化的积雪和雨水流下山谷，潜入戈壁滩下。人们利用山的坡度，巧妙地创造了坎儿井，引地下潜流灌溉农田。坎儿井不因炎热、狂风而使水分大量蒸发，因而流量稳定，
保证了自流灌溉。吐鲁番盆地的地形高差悬殊，地势峻陡，周围高山多系古生代末期海西运动形成的，岩层坚硬且多裂隙，有利于裂隙水的形成。
二是生产发展的需要性 。
吐鲁番盆地远在古代汉唐时期就是欧亚交通的孔道、经济文化交流的要地，虽然该地区气候干旱且地面水源非常缺乏，但却蕴藏着丰富的地下水源和充沛的天然泉水、致使冲积扇缘以下的土地尽是肥美的绿洲。农业生产上的进一步发展，必然要求人们开发出更多的地下水源，通过千百年生产劳动的实践和内外文化技术经验的交流，人们终于逐步地找到了一种开发利用地下水的最好形式——坎儿井。
讲到这里，各位游客可能已经迫不及待，想要见坎儿井了，请大家随我下车，我们去亲眼体会坎儿井的独特魅力。
坎儿井导游词
各位游客：
大家早啊，昨天我们去看过了满架的葡萄，看着那一串串诱人的各种形状的葡萄，**不禁会问大家：素有“火洲”、“风库”之称，气候极端干燥的地方，怎么能养出那么美而且甜的葡萄啊?其中有什么奥秘呢?奥秘就是分布在新疆大地上的坎儿井群，它犹如人体的血脉，延展到茫茫戈壁，灌溉了新疆的大-片土地。奇妙的坎儿 井，又在吐鲁番分布最广，成为生命之泉，常绿之源，浇灌着吐鲁番滴翠的葡萄和甘甜的瓜。下面就让我们一起去参观这一举世闻名的灌溉工程。
游客们，现在我们来到了坎儿井乐园，首先请跟我前往坎儿井博物馆去了解一下坎儿井的建造情况。
坎儿井是生活在新疆的各族劳动人民根据本地气候、水文特点创造出来的一种地下引水工程，新疆大约有坎儿井1600条，其中以吐鲁番最多最集中，据统计，吐鲁番的坎儿井 共有1158条，总长约5000公里，相当于从乌鲁木齐到哈尔滨的里程。坎儿井堪称中国古代最伟大的地下水利工程之一，被地理学界的专家称为“地下运河”，并与长城、京杭大运河合称为我国古代三大工程。
对于坎儿井您可能早有所闻，2015年05月25日，坎尔井地下水利工程被国务院批准列入第六批全国重点文物保护单位名单。不过对它的结构也许不很清楚，现在我就向大家介绍一下。坎儿井古称“井渠”，坎儿也就是“井穴”的意思，由立井(竖井)、暗渠(地下渠道)、明渠(地表渠道)和涝坝(蓄水池)四部分组成。
坎儿井之所以能在吐鲁番大量修建，是与这里的自然条件分不开的。首先吐鲁番盆地地势很低，低于海平面以下的面积就有2085平方公里，而且吐鲁番四面环山，每年高山上的积雪大量融化后流入山谷。当雪水流经戈壁时便渗入地下形成潜流，这就给坎儿井提供了丰富的水源。
那坎儿井又是怎样建成的呢?请看：坎儿井的建造方法是在高山峡谷地带的雪水潜流处，寻找到水源，然后每隔20米至30米打一眼竖井，井深十米至几十米不等，将地下水汇聚，以增大水势，再依地势高下，在井底凿通暗渠，沟通各井，引流直下，一直连接到遥远的绿洲，才将水由明渠引出地面，加以灌溉。涝坝则是一个调节水量的蓄水池。一条坎儿井，一般长约3公里，最长者往往是几条坎儿井相连达几十甚至上百公里，其间竖井少则几十口，多则三百余口。上游的竖井较深，个别可达100米上下，下游的较浅，一般仅数米。坎儿井的作用是避免水分蒸发，这项工程实属适应干燥气候特点的一种伟大创举。尤其让人称道的是，当地人民全凭双手和简单的工具，凿打深井，掏挖地下渠，其工程之浩大，构造之巧妙，让人叹为观止。
我想请大家回忆一下，当我们乘车临近吐鲁番市时，就在那郁郁葱葱的绿洲的外围戈壁上，可以看见顺坡而下的一堆一堆的圆土包，有序地伸向绿洲。那些就是坎儿井的竖井口。
假如大家从高空俯视，那些土堆宛如珍珠串结的项链，装点着吐鲁番这个古老却仍青春焕发的地方。
各位游客，下面我们再来谈谈坎儿井的建造原因。由于新疆地区干旱少雨，蒸发量大，而坎儿井是地下暗渠输水，蒸发量小而流量稳定，可以常年自流灌溉，加上这里的土属钙质黏土，挖好的坎儿井很坚固，不易倒塌。高山上雪水温度很低，若直接灌溉对农作物生长不利，而吐鲁番地表温度很高，雪水流经坎儿井后温度自然上升，很适合浇灌农作物。因此，新疆各族人民在长期与干旱的斗争中，发明了这种凿井灌田的方法。
值得一提的是，林则徐在新疆垦荒中，还推广了“坎儿井”这一令人赞叹的水利工程。林则徐虽不是“坎儿井”的发明者，但他提倡和推广“坎儿井”是有大功的。在林则徐的大力推动下，吐鲁番、鄯善、托克逊新挖“坎儿井”300多道，大量久荒的土地变成沃壤。林则徐还把“坎儿井”推广到南疆、东疆。为感念林则徐这一功绩，群众把“坎儿井”改称“林公井”，赞誉他是“吾乡之伟大人物哉！”并树碑让世代传颂。
参观完坎儿井博物馆，走出馆外，可见道旁明澈的清泉，这便是坎儿井明渠中流淌出的雪山纯水，它晶莹碧透，倘若您伸手触及，便会感到凉意阵阵，真是“晶晶亮，透心凉”。
坎儿井的暗渠要从洞中进入方可看到，只见渠水汩汩流淌，让人感到无比欣喜。这样的井渠在整个新疆大地有上千个之多，其地下河道总长度加起来比万里长城还要长一倍，也远远超过了京杭大运河，成为“地下运河”。
既然关于坎儿井有那么多的故事，我们就好好地感受当地人智慧和劳动的结晶吧。
吐鲁番坎儿井导游词
吐鲁番坎儿井导游词[英文] Turpan Karez English guides words
Members tourists :
To Turpan, people can not help asking : who is known as "Fire Island," "the wind, known as" climate of extreme dry place, how
there will be a large oasis? What is the secret of these? Mystery is the distribution of land in the Xinjiang Karez group, It is like the human body's blood vessels, part of the vast Gobi Desert,
irrigation of vast tracts of land in Xinjiang.The wonders of the bank wells in Turpan most widely distributed as Drop of Life, evergreen source creating a lounge Turpan grapes and sweet melons. Now let us visit the world-famous irrigation.
Karez structure → Karez construction methods
Visitors, we went to the desert paradise I begin with the museum to Karez to understand the construction of Karez.
Karez were living in Xinjiang working people of all nationalities,
under the local climate, hydrological characteristics of a creation of a clandestine diversion project, some Karez 1600, Turpan up with the most concentrated, according to statistics, a total of Turpan of Karez 1158, a total length of 5,000 km, the distance from Urumqi to Harbin milestone.Ancient Chinese Karez his greatest one of the underground water, the geographic academic experts as the "underground canal" with the Great Wall and Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal in ancient China known as a three projects.
For Kaner Well you probably heard, but its structure may not be very clear. Now I would like to tell you about.Karez in ancient times known as "drainage wells", the bank is "well Point," and by the shaft (shaft), culverts (underground channels), nullah (surf-ace channels) and logging dam (reservoir) four components.
Karez has been able to build a large number of Turpan, with the
natural conditions here inseparable. First Turpan Basin lying low, below sea level below 2,085 square kilometers area alone,
Surrounded by mountains and Turpan, the annual mountain snow melts after the inflow of large valley.When the snow running through the desert to seep into the ground when it formed the undercurrent, which Karez to provide a rich source of water.
Karez then what is built? Take a look : Karez construction method is in the mountains, the snow valley undercurrent, finding water, Then every 20 meters to 30 meters to fight a shaft, the depth ranging from 10 meters to tens of meters of underground water pool to increase water potential, again according to the terrain heights, in the bottom of the well was completed culvert, the communication between wells, drainage Pavilion, has been
connected to the remote oasis only water channel leads from the ground to be irrigated. A Karez, general about three kilometers, the longest of several Karez often linked to dozens or even
hundreds of kilometers. During shaft mouth ranged from dozens to more than more than 300 mouth. The upper shaft deeper, individual up to 100 meters from top to bottom, the junior downstream, usually a few meters. Karez role is to avoid
evaporation, the project is adapted to a dry climate characteristics of a great creation. Particularly praiseworthy is that the local people relying on their hands and si-mp-le tools, the hammer hits the Sham Tseng, EXCAVATED subsurf-ace drainage, the mammoth projects, Structure clever and people alike.
I would like to ask you recall, when we travel near the Turpan City, It was then green and luxuriant oasis on the fringe of the Gobi, you can see the site of the pile and the pile of soil round package, and orderly manner toward the oasis.Karez which is the shaft mouth. If you a bird's-eye view, those objects like a pearl necklace string Guitar, Turpan bedecked with the oldest still youthful glow place.
吐鲁番坎儿井导游词[英文] Turpan Karez English guides words(2)
Karez reasons for the construction of the origin → Karez
Members tourists Now let us talk about the reasons for the
construction of Karez. As Xinjiang region to suffer from drought, evaporation, and Karez underground culvert, water evaporation and the small amount of flow stability be perennial gravity irrigation and the soil here is a calcareous clay, dug Karez very strong, not collapse. Mountain snow temperature is very low, if irrigation directly adverse to the growth of crops, and high surf-ace
temperature Turpan, After running through the snow desert temperature will increase, which is perfect for watering
crops.Therefore, the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, with the long-term drought, the struggle of this invention Well Irrigation methods. A Karez is not a dry springs, a naturally Karez,
constitutes the lifeblood of Fire Island and lifeline Xinjiang to make the scarcity of rainfall with water accumulation, so people living in Xinjiang as an indispensable Spring of Life.
Turpan Karez on the origin have always been three versions : one is the Chinese Han Guan said drainage wells. In this view the Han Dynasty when it was invented by the "drainage wells" into Xinjiang, as is now the Karez. The second argument is with the Lin Zexu.Lin Zexu, the late Qing Dynasty was banished Xinjiang, in 1845 after Turpan, aware of local hot dry. So there is a careful investigation of water lying to guide their people in Xinjiang under the
physiographic features, This invention Well Irrigation methods.A third view is Karez 2,500 years ago from West Asia before the first Persian transmission Xinjiang. Of course, these three points have yet to be verified.
But I want to tell you is that Karez on Earth is the distribution and communication-cultural Silk Road linked.For example, in Pakistan, Iran and the Caspian Sea coast, people found Karez. So we said Karez is the world's cultural heritage of a pearl, is not
excessive.Even today, also in Xinjiang Karez Turpan agricultural
development plays a pivotal role.
Karez channel → Karez culverts
Karez visiting museums, the Museum is out, we can see Road to plain Qingquan, This is Karez channel which flows from the
snow-capped mountains of pure water, clean and Translucent, if your hand touches, it will be cooler blowing and really "arts, through gloating over."
Karez culvert from the cave to be seen, I saw foul the water flow on them, the people are extremely pleased. This drainage wells in the whole Xinjiang land as many as 1,000. its underground rivers combined total length of the Great Wall longer than doubled, far exceeding the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, as "underground canal."
Tourists, the desert is not only important water conservancy facilities, Chinese and foreign tourists are happy to watch a big cultural landscape. Karez especially within the park filled with a rich Xinjiang Uygur ethnic love for the music and dance, would you mind rippling. That crisper rhythm, a lithe and graceful melodies, warm and lively emotions, so that you appreciate apart will be moved to join their ranks and to learn Uygur girl and boy image, singing and dancing, That feeling of dancing village pure fun.
Members tourists Karez Paradise within that cough-melodious songs have chorus, the following please go quickly we appreciate it!
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